When islam established

The Venture of Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Visiting The Met? Citation Yalman, Suzan. Arabian Peninsula, — A. The Eastern Mediterranean, — A. Muhammad, once he begins to win converts to the new creed, makes enemies among the traders of Mecca. In there is a plot to assassinate him. He escapes to the town of Yathrib, about kilometres to the north. Muhammad and the Muslim era: from The people of Yathrib, a prosperous oasis, welcome Muhammad and his followers.

As a result, the move from Mecca in comes to seem the beginning of Islam. The Muslim era dates from the Hegira - Arabic for 'emigration', meaning Muhammad's departure from Mecca. In the Muslim calendar this event marks the beginning of year 1. Yathrib is renamed Madinat al Nabi, the 'city of the prophet', and thus becomes known as Medina.

Here Muhammad steadily acquires a stronger following. He is now essentially a religious, political and even military leader rather than a merchant Khadija has died in He continues to preach and recite the words which God reveals to him. It is these passages, together with the earlier revelations at Mecca, which are written down in the Arabic script by his followers and are collected to become the Qur'an - a word often transliterated as Koran with its roots in the idea of 'recital', reflecting the oral origin of the text.

The final and definitive text of the Qur'an is established under the third caliph, Othman, in about Relations with Mecca deteriorate to the point of pitched battles between the two sides, with Muhammad leading his troops in the field.

But in the end it is his diplomacy which wins the day. When Muhammad died, there was debate over who should replace him as leader. This led to a schism in Islam, and two major sects emerged: the Sunnis and the Shiites. Sunnis make up nearly 90 percent of Muslims worldwide. They accept that the first four caliphs were the true successors to Muhammad. Shiite Muslims believe that only the caliph Ali and his descendants are the real successors to Muhammad. They deny the legitimacy of the first three caliphs.

Other, smaller Muslim denominations within the Sunni and Shiite groups exist. Some of these include:. It contains some basic information that is found in the Hebrew Bible as well as revelations that were given to Muhammad.

The text is considered the sacred word of God and supercedes any previous writings. Muhammad himself was never taught to read or write. The book is written with Allah as the first person, speaking through Gabriel to Muhammad. It contains chapters, which are called surahs. The Islamic calendar, also called the Hijra calendar, is a lunar calendar used in Islamic religious worship. The calendar began in the year A. The Islamic calendar indicates the proper days of Islamic holidays and celebrations, including the period of fasting and prayer known as Ramadan , which occurs during the ninth month of the calendar.

As in many religions, there is no single image or symbol of Islam that is universally accepted by all Muslims worldwide.

The crescent moon and star has been adopted in some predominantly Muslim countries as a symbol of Islam, though the crescent moon and star image is believed to pre-date Islam and was originally a symbol of the Ottoman Empire.

In some other applications, such as the International Red Cross and Red Crescent humanitarian aid movement, a red crescent indicates that followers of Islam are respected and treated accordingly.

The color green is also sometimes associated with Islam, as it was reportedly a favorite color of Muhammad's and is often featured prominently in the flags of predominantly Muslim countries. This faith-based code of conduct directs Muslims on how they should live in nearly every aspect of their lives. Sharia law requires men and women to dress modestly. It also outlines marriage guidelines and other moral principles for Muslims.

If crimes are committed, Sharia law is known for its harsh punishments. Adultery can carry the penalty of death by stoning. However, many Muslims do not support such extreme measures. The prophet Muhammad is credited with building the first mosque in the courtyard of his house in Medina. He had 13 wives, two of whom bore him children. In A. Khadija was a wealthy widow who held a considerable amount of influence in the city of Mecca, which was a very successful trading area.

The city was in control of major trade routes that stretched from Arabia to Syria and Yemen. At the time, it was common for people living across the Arabian Peninsula to be polytheistic and to believe in several different Gods who they thought protected their prosperous trade. Muhammad PBUH frequented a cave in Mount Hira to meditate in an attempt to seek clarity after he started hearing voices and having visions.

He confided in his wife following the encounter and she supported him unwaveringly. This night is now called Laylat al-Qadr , or the Night of Power, and is believed to have fallen on the 27th night of the ninth lunar month.